Shotokan is a school of karate, developed from various martial arts by Gichin Funakoshi (1868–1957) and his son Yoshitaka Funakoshi (1906–1945). Gichin Funakoshi is widely recognized as having brought karate from Okinawa to mainland Japan, although Kenwa Mabuni, Chōki Motobu, and other Okinawan karate masters were actively teaching karate in Japan prior to this point.
Shotokan is one of the five traditional karate styles,[citation needed] the others being Goju-ryu, Shitō-ryu, Shōrin-ryu and Wado-ryu. Although it began as a unified karate school that developed into the Japan Karate Association, Shotokan now exists as several independent organizations.
Shoto meaning "pine waves", was Funakoshi's pen-name, which he used in his poetic and philosophical writings and messages to his students. The Japanese kan means "house" or "hall". In honour of their sensei, Funakoshi's students created a sign reading shoto-kan which was placed above the entrance of the hall where Funakoshi taught.Gichin Funakoshi never gave his style a name, just calling it "karate".
Gichin Funakoshi founder Shotokan-ryu.
Gichin Funakosh
i (November 10, 1868 – April 26, 1957) was the creator of Shotokan karate and is attributed as being the "father of modern karate". Following in the teachings of Anko Asato and Anko Itosu, he was one of the Okinawan karate masters who introduced karate to the Japanese mainland in 1921.
Gichin Funakoshi was born in Shuri, Okinawa in the year of the Meiji Restoration around 1868 and originally had the family name Tominakoshi. After entering primary school he became close friends with the son of Ankō Azato, a karate and kendo master who would soon become his first karate teacher.
Stiff opposition of Funakoshi's family to the abolition of the Japanese "topknot" meant he would be ineligible to pursue his goal of attending medical school. Being trained in both classical Chinese and Japanese philosophies and teachings, Funakoshi became an assistant teacher in Okinawa. During this time, his relations with the Azato family grew and he began nightly travels to the Azato family residence to receive karate instruction from Anko Azato.
Funakoshi had trained in both of the popular styles of Okinawan karate of the time: Shorei-ryu and Shorin-ryu. His own style was influenced by kendo distancing and timing.
By the late 1910's, Funakoshi had many students, of which a few were deemed capable of passing on their master's teachings. In the 1920s, Funakoshi adopted the Kyu/Dan rank system and the uniform (keikogi) developed by Kano Jigoro, the founder of judo. This system uses colored belts (obi) to indicate rank. Originally, karate had only three belt colors: white, brown, and black (with ranks within each). Continuing his effort to garner wide-spread interest in Okinawan karate, Funakoshi ventured to mainland Japan in 1922.
In 1936, Funakoshi built the first Shōtōkan dojo in Tokyo. He changed the name of karate to mean "empty hand" instead of "China hand" (as referred to in Okinawa); the two words sound the same in Japanese, but are written differently. It was his belief that using the term for "Chinese" mislead people into thinking karate originated with Chinese boxing. Karate had borrowed many aspects from Chinese boxing which the original creators say as being positive, as they had done with other martial arts. In addition, Funakoshi argued in his autobiography that a philosophical evaluation of the use of "empty" seemed to fit as it implied a way which was not tethered to any other physical object.
Funakoshi's take on the use of kara was reported to have caused some recoil in Okinawa, prompting Funakoshi to remain in Tokyo indefinitely. His extended stay eventually led to the creation of the Japan Karate Association (JKA) in 1955 with Funakoshi as the chief instructor. Funakoshi was not supportive of all of the changes that the organization eventually made to his karate style. He remained in Tokyo until his death in 1957. After World War II, Funakoshi's surviving students formalized his teachings.
The original belt system, still used by Shotokan Karate of America, is:
Shotokan training is usually divided into three parts: kihon (basics), kata (forms or patterns of moves), and kumite (sparring). Techniques in kihon and kata are characterized by deep, long stances that provide stability, enable powerful movements, and strengthen the legs. Strength and power are often demonstrated instead of slower, more flowing motions. Kumite techniques mirror these stances and movements at a basic level, but progress to being more flexible with greater experience. Shotokan can be regarded as a 'hard' and 'external' martial art.
Gichin Funakoshi laid out the Twenty Precepts of Karate,(or niju kun) which form the foundations of the art, before his students established the JKA. Within these twenty principles, based heavily on Bushido and Zen, lies the philosophy of Shotokan.
The principles allude to notions of humility, respect, compassion, patience, and both an inwardly and outwardly calmness. It was Funakoshi's belief that through karate practice and observation of these 20 principles, the karateka would improve their person.
Many shotokan students typically recite the Dojo kun at the end of each class:
Kata
Kata is often described as a set sequence of karate moves organized into a pre-arranged fight against imaginary opponents. The kata consists of kicks, punches, sweeps, strikes, blocks, and throws. Body movement in various kata includes stepping, twisting, turning, dropping to the ground, and jumping. In Shotokan, kata is not a performance or a demonstration, but is for individual karateka to practice full techniques—with every technique potentially a killing blow (ikken hisatsu)—while paying particular attention to form and timing (rhythm). As the karateka grows older, more emphasis is placed on the health benefits of practicing kata, promoting fitness while keeping the body soft, supple, and agile.
Several Shotokan groups have introduced kata from other styles into their training, but when the JKA was formed, Nakayama laid down 27 kata as the kata syllabus for this organization. Even today, thousands of Shotokan dojo only practice these 27 kata. The standard kata are:
Kumite, or sparring, is the practical application of kata to real opponents. While the techniques used in sparring are only slightly different than kihon, the formalities of kumite in Shotokan karate were first instituted by Masatoshi Nakayama wherein basic, intermediate, and advanced sparring techniques and rules were formalized.
Shotokan practitioners first learn how to apply the techniques taught in kata to "hypothetical" opponents by way of kata bunkai. Kata bunkai then matures into controlled kumite.
Beginners normally commence kumite training with five-step sparring (gohon kumite) or three-step sparring (sanbon kumite). These exercises require two training partners. Partners begin kumite with a bow and the attacker steps back into a front stance (zenkutsu dachi) while executing a downward block (gedan-barai), and announces the imminent attack in a clear, audible fashion. The first type of five-step sparring is designated high-level (jodan), where the attacker will subsequently execute a high lunge punch (oi-zuki). The defender then steps back and executes a rising block (age-uke) to block the attack. The training partners repeat this sequence until the fifth punch, when the defender then executes a minor counter-attack in the form of a reverse punch (gyaku-zuki). The defender is expected to kiai with the counter-attack. The next step is for the training partners to return to ready position (yoi) and the defender now becomes the attacker (and vice versa), repeating the sequence above. Another type of five-step sparring is designated mid-level (chudan). The differences are that the attacking partner uses mid-level punches and the defender uses outside mid-level blocks (soto-uke). An alternative sequence of attacks may be used at this level, in which the attacker executes a series of front snap kicks (mae geri), while the defender uses downward blocks (gedan-barai).
At intermediate level, usually above 5th kyū, karateka learn one-step sparring (ippon kumite). Though there is only one step involved, rather than three or five, this exercise is more advanced because it involves a greater variety of attacks and blocks. It also requires the defender to execute a counter-attack faster than in the earlier types of sparring. Counter-attacks may be almost anything, including strikes, grapples, and take-down maneuvers.
The next level of kumite is freestyle one-step sparring (jiyu ippon kumite). This type of kumite, and its successor--free sparring, have been documented extensively by Nakayama and are expanded upon by the JKA instructor trainee program, for those clubs under the JKA. Freestyle one-step sparring is similar to one-step sparring but requires the karateka to be in motion. Practicing one-step sparring improves free sparring (jiyu kumite) skills, and also provides an opportunity for practicing major counter-attacks (as opposed to minor counter-attacks). Tsutomu Ohshima states that freestyle one-step sparring is the most realistic practice in Shotokan karate, and that it is more realistic than free sparring.
Free sparring (jiyu kumite) is the last element of sparring to be learned. In this exercise, two training partners are free to use any karate technique or combination of attacks, and the defender at any given moment is free to avoid, block, counter, or attack with any karate technique. Training partners are encouraged to make controlled and focused contact with their opponent, but to withdraw their attack as soon as surface contact has been made. This allows a full range of target areas to be attacked (including punches and kicks to the face, head, throat, and body) with no padding or protective gloves, but maintains a degree of safety for the participants. Throwing one's partner and performing takedowns are permitted in free sparring, however it is unusual for competition matches to involve extended grappling or ground-wrestling, as Shotokan karateka are encouraged to end an encounter with a single attack, avoiding extended periods of conflict or unnecessary contact.
Kaishu ippon kumite is an additional sparring exercise that is usually introduced for higher grades. This starts in a similar manner to freestyle one-step sparring; the attacker names the attack he/she will execute, attacks with that technique, and the defender blocks and counters the attack. Unlike freestyle one-step sparring, however, the attacker must then block the defender's counter-attack and strike back. This exercise is often considered more difficult than either freestyle one-step sparring or free sparring, as the defender typically cannot escape to a safe distance in time to avoid the counter to the counter-attack.
Japan Karate Association
The Japan Karate Asso
ciation (JKA; "Nihon Karate Kyokai" in Japan) was the first formal Shotokan organization, formed by the Shotokan karate clubs of Japanese universities. Takushoku University provided the most members initially, but Hosei, Waseda, Gakushuin, and Keio Universities also contributed members. Masatoshi Nakayama (1913–1987) led the JKA, with Gichin Funakoshi holding a position equivalent to Professor Emeritus. The JKA grew to be one of the biggest karate organizations in the world. Differences between senior instructors and administrators gave rise to several breakaway groups, with the JKA itself eventually dividing into two factions. Nobuyuki Nakahara, Ueki Masaaki, Tanaka Masahiko, Yoshiharu Osaka and others led one faction, while Asai Tetsuhiko led the other. Following legal battles, the Nakahara group retained control of the JKA. The following sections describe some of the Shotokan organizations that descended from the JKA. The founders of these organizations are some of the most senior Shotokan instructors in the world.
Masatoshi Nakayama (1913–1987) was a high-ranking master of Shotokan karate-dō the first who achieved the rank of 10th dan.
Nakayama was born in the Yamaguchi prefecture. He began studying karate after enrolling in Takushoku University in 1932, where he trained under Gichin Funakoshi and Funakoshi's son Gigo. Nakayama had studied Chinese language at the University and went to China as an interpreter and interogator as part of the Japanese invasion of China in 1937; he was repatriated to Japan in 1946.
Shotokan Karate of America
Tsutomu Ohshima (1930–present), 5th dan (the rank Funakoshi awarded him, and the rank he has retained by choice), is head of Shotokan Karate of America (SKA), a non-profit organization that has been teaching traditional karate-do in the United States since 1955. Ohshima was believed to have been given permission by Gichin Funakoshi to bring Shotokan karate to the USA. Ohshima is also recognized as the chief instructor of many other SKA-affiliated Shotokan organizations worldwide. SKA maintains its national headquarters in Los Angeles and is not affiliated with the JKA.
Tsutomu Ohshima
Tsutomu 
Ohshima is the founder and Shihan of Shotokan Karate of America (SKA), and is also recognized as chief instructor of many other international Shotokan organizations.
Born August 6, 1930, Ohshima began learning martial arts at the age of five. He studied sumo from the age of five until he was fifteen; kendo from eight to fifteen, and judo from nine to thirteen.
Ohshima began studying karate while a student at Waseda University, beginning in 1948, and became captain of the university's karate club in 1952. He trained under Shotokan's founder, Gichin Funakoshi, until 1953. Funakoshi personally awarded Ohshima his sandan (3rd degree black belt) rank in 1952. In 1957 Ohshima received his godan (fifth degree black belt), the highest rank awarded by Funakoshi. This remains the highest rank in SKA.
In 1952, Ohshima formalized the judging system used in modern karate tournaments. However, he cautions students that tournaments should not be viewed as an expression of true karate itself.
Ohshima left Japan in 1955 to continue his studies at UCLA. He led his first U.S. practice in 1956 and founded the first university karate club in the United States at Caltech in 1957. In 1959 he founded the Southern California Karate Association (SCKA), as additional Shotokan dojos opened. The organization was renamed Shotokan Karate of America in 1969.
Ohshima demonstrated the 19 Shotokan katas for Karate-Do Kyohan: The Master Text, Funakoshi's description of Shotokan. He also translated it into English in 1973, and published his own Notes on Training in 1998.
While still Shihan of SKA, Ohshima retired from Caltech in 1994. He currently lives in southern California.
Shotokan Karate-do International Federation
Hirokazu Ka
nazawa (1931–), 10th dan, was the first to break away from the JKA, and called his organization "Shotokan Karate-do International Federation" (SKIF). Kanazawa had studied under Masatoshi Nakayama and Hidetaka Nishiyama (1928–), both students of Gichin Funakoshi. SKIF introduced elements of Tai Chi Chuan, particularly in the matter of flow and balance, and actively promoted the evolution of Shotokan while maintaining the traditional core of the art. Kanazawa is considered one of the most technically brilliant Shotokan exponents, and was a top contender in competition. Most notably, he won the kumite championship at the first JKA Open Tournament (1957) with a broken hand. Kanazawa was awarded 10th dan in 2000.
Shotokan Karate Preview
Keinosuke Enoeda - 1935-2003
SHOTOKAN Clips
shotokan world championship 2008 at tokyo (promotion)
Shotokan With Awsome Demo video clips
Funakoshi awarded the first 1st dan (初段; shodan) Shotokan karate ranks to Tokuda, Otsuka, Akiba, Shimizu, Hirose, Gima, and Kasuya on 10 April 1924.[citation needed] Hong Hi Choi, a key figure in the development of taekwondo, studied Shotokan karate during the Japanese occupation of Korea during the first half of the 20th century.
The prefix Hitotsu (variously translated as one or first) is used to indicate that all five principles are equally important. The JKA uses this version:
Funakoshi also wrote: "The ultimate aim of Karate lies not in victory or defeat, but in the perfection of the character of the participant.
Shotokan Kumite
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